WELCOME TO OUR CLUB!
We are beekeepers and bee-lovers in the Washington County, Virginia area who meet monthly to educate ourselves and the public about how to nurture honeybees for the benefit of Earth and its inhabitants. Please join us.
We are beekeepers and bee-lovers in the Washington County, Virginia area who meet monthly to educate ourselves and the public about how to nurture honeybees for the benefit of Earth and its inhabitants. Please join us.
Our next meeting will be on Monday, May 2
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HAPPENING SOON --
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Notes from our April 4 meeting on Honeybee Pheromones presented by Dr. James Wilson, VT Apiculturist
Honeybee Pheromones
Apis mellifera have about 10 glands that produce pheromones. Humans use visual and audible signals to communicate. Insects use pheromones to signal in chemical form (i.e., a “semiochemical”). Even beeswax contains pheromones, as well as swarm attractants like lemongrass oil.
Some of those pheromones include:
A healthy queen spends 60% of her time laying eggs, 35% communicating with her workers, and 5% moving around.
Apis mellifera have about 10 glands that produce pheromones. Humans use visual and audible signals to communicate. Insects use pheromones to signal in chemical form (i.e., a “semiochemical”). Even beeswax contains pheromones, as well as swarm attractants like lemongrass oil.
Some of those pheromones include:
- Mandibular Gland
- Tarsal Gland - to mark flowers
- Nasanov Gland - orientation to hive or to mark water or food source
- Dufour’s Gland - MANY uses: nest building, reproduction, to pheromones, production of larval food.
- Alarm pheromone (Isopentyl Acetate)
- Feces pheromone
- Ethyl oleate - nestmate recognition
- Brood pheromone - regulates worker behavior
- Drone brood pheromone - negative side effect is that it attracts varroa mites
- Isopentyl acetate (banana smell) - incites workers to sting
- QMP (queen mandibular pheromone), which has many varied effects.
- Q tarsal pheromone - prevents colony from starting a new queen.
- Feces
- Egg marking
- Tergal gland
- Recognition of the queen
- Inhibition of new queen rearing (mandibular gland)
- Inhibition of worker ovary development (tergal gland)
- Stimulates foraging
- Affects worker behavior
A healthy queen spends 60% of her time laying eggs, 35% communicating with her workers, and 5% moving around.
Notes from our March 7 meeting on Spring Honeybee Management
by Extension Agent Phil Blevins
* What to look for when you inspect your hive.
1. Inspect the hive for food, strength, brood/pattern (if temps at 75 degrees).
2. If colony has died, determine why. Head in cell = starvation. Foul odor = American Foulbrood (call VDACS).
3. If the cluster is at the top of the hive, feed them because they have worked their way through their honey stores. Feed pollen substitute or sugar water to stimulate brood production.
* When and why to re-queen.
Queen Evaluation
1. No eggs or multiple eggs = problem. “Chill brood” is dead brood after a cold night.
2. Age of queen.
3. Brood pattern should be solid.
4. Compact brood nest, age of brood radiating out from center.
5. To requeen, kill old queen first, then introduce the new queen in a queen cage.
6. Can combine a weak colony with a strong colony by putting newspaper between boxes.
7. Can add brood and bees from a strong colony to a weak one.
* What kind of food bees need in early spring.
Honeybee Nutrition
They need (just like us) carbs, protein, vitamins, lipids, water. Protein is in the form of pollen (used mostly for larvae and royal jelly). Pollen substitute should be 20% crude protein. Colony will need 3-5 frames of pollen. More pollen = more honey later.
Apiary Location - Move them now if need be.
* What kind of diseases and pests to look for.
Diseases - Sunken caps on brood = problem.
European Foulbrood (bacterial) - in Washington County last year.
Chalkbrood (fungal) - mummified.
American Foulbrood - Call for inspection and destroy woodenware.
Pests
Bears, skunks, mites. Varroa mites are most serious problem today.
* When to add supers.
Supering
Add supers in 2’s and 3’s for lots of room. Bees can fill a super in just a few days.
Use wire if extracting honey. Consider 9 frames (instead of 10) to make it easier to cut cappings off.
Upper entrances can increase honey production.
Nectar Flows - Whitening of the comb (new wax) is a sign of an impending nectar flow.
* Why bees swarm... and can we do anything about it?
Swarms = method of honeybee propagation
Can have up to four swarms from a single colony. Swarming results in a 50-75% loss of bees. They will look for a new home at least 40 liters large (1.4 cubic feet). A swarm will delay production of new workers by a month.
Cause of swarming is basically unknown. Contributing factors include:
a. Overcrowding (queen pheromone becomes diluted in colony)
b. Increase in nectar and pollen
c. Age of queen
d. Lengthening daylight.
Preparing to swarm:
1. Queen lays drone eggs.
2. Workers may raise up to six queens (look for queen cells). A split or other remedy MAY be effective at this point.
3. Capping the queen cells is the signal that swarming is imminent.
Swarm Prevention:
1. Begin monitoring 2-4 weeks before a nectar flow.
2. Can try: reversal of hive bodies, split, 4:5 split, or Demaree split (queen plus a frame of workers is put under the cluster.
1. Inspect the hive for food, strength, brood/pattern (if temps at 75 degrees).
2. If colony has died, determine why. Head in cell = starvation. Foul odor = American Foulbrood (call VDACS).
3. If the cluster is at the top of the hive, feed them because they have worked their way through their honey stores. Feed pollen substitute or sugar water to stimulate brood production.
* When and why to re-queen.
Queen Evaluation
1. No eggs or multiple eggs = problem. “Chill brood” is dead brood after a cold night.
2. Age of queen.
3. Brood pattern should be solid.
4. Compact brood nest, age of brood radiating out from center.
5. To requeen, kill old queen first, then introduce the new queen in a queen cage.
6. Can combine a weak colony with a strong colony by putting newspaper between boxes.
7. Can add brood and bees from a strong colony to a weak one.
* What kind of food bees need in early spring.
Honeybee Nutrition
They need (just like us) carbs, protein, vitamins, lipids, water. Protein is in the form of pollen (used mostly for larvae and royal jelly). Pollen substitute should be 20% crude protein. Colony will need 3-5 frames of pollen. More pollen = more honey later.
Apiary Location - Move them now if need be.
* What kind of diseases and pests to look for.
Diseases - Sunken caps on brood = problem.
European Foulbrood (bacterial) - in Washington County last year.
Chalkbrood (fungal) - mummified.
American Foulbrood - Call for inspection and destroy woodenware.
Pests
Bears, skunks, mites. Varroa mites are most serious problem today.
* When to add supers.
Supering
Add supers in 2’s and 3’s for lots of room. Bees can fill a super in just a few days.
Use wire if extracting honey. Consider 9 frames (instead of 10) to make it easier to cut cappings off.
Upper entrances can increase honey production.
Nectar Flows - Whitening of the comb (new wax) is a sign of an impending nectar flow.
* Why bees swarm... and can we do anything about it?
Swarms = method of honeybee propagation
Can have up to four swarms from a single colony. Swarming results in a 50-75% loss of bees. They will look for a new home at least 40 liters large (1.4 cubic feet). A swarm will delay production of new workers by a month.
Cause of swarming is basically unknown. Contributing factors include:
a. Overcrowding (queen pheromone becomes diluted in colony)
b. Increase in nectar and pollen
c. Age of queen
d. Lengthening daylight.
Preparing to swarm:
1. Queen lays drone eggs.
2. Workers may raise up to six queens (look for queen cells). A split or other remedy MAY be effective at this point.
3. Capping the queen cells is the signal that swarming is imminent.
Swarm Prevention:
1. Begin monitoring 2-4 weeks before a nectar flow.
2. Can try: reversal of hive bodies, split, 4:5 split, or Demaree split (queen plus a frame of workers is put under the cluster.
FOR SALE
* Anthony Ellis in Marion will have 10-15 nucs available by mid-May ($160 ea.). Contact him at EllisHome@hotmail.com (276-706-0842).
* Jerome Blankenship in Hurley is sold out for this year.
* David "Tater" Miller is the owner of Beekeepers Woodenware and Apiary Supply at 25155 Walden Road in Abingdon, Virginia (276-608-6225).
* Jeremy Blackwell is the owner of Abingdon Bee Company on Bethel Road in Abingdon. For honey and honey products, go to AbingdonBeeCompany.com (276-492-5369).
* J.R. and Karen Sexton do trap-outs, cut-outs, and swarm removal. They are at sssshoneybees@gmail.com (276-393-9069).
* Jerome Blankenship in Hurley is sold out for this year.
* David "Tater" Miller is the owner of Beekeepers Woodenware and Apiary Supply at 25155 Walden Road in Abingdon, Virginia (276-608-6225).
* Jeremy Blackwell is the owner of Abingdon Bee Company on Bethel Road in Abingdon. For honey and honey products, go to AbingdonBeeCompany.com (276-492-5369).
* J.R. and Karen Sexton do trap-outs, cut-outs, and swarm removal. They are at sssshoneybees@gmail.com (276-393-9069).
Resources you need to know about:
* Honeybee Health Coalition (honeybeehealthcoalition.org)
Search for Tools for Varroa Management -- and other helpful honeybee guides.
* VT Resources for Beekeeping (pubs.ext.vt.edu)
Choose from a dozen different guides.
* MiteCheck app - The Bee Informed Partnership (beeinformed.org)
Citizen science at its best.
Our February 2022 presentation on BEARS & BEES by Jerome Blankenship & CPO Matt Arnold provided us with great information and step-by-step instructions on building a FENCE to keep bears out of our bee yards. Here are some of the highlights:
- First build the fence, then add the bees. Bears can smell your bees from a long distance away.
- Un-electrified farm fencing and chain link fences are not bear-proof. Bears can climb over or dig under them.
- The "shocking power" in joules of the power charger is critical. A strong electric shock is the best deterrent to bear visits.
- Do not bait your fence and do not leave birdfeed or edible trash in your yard. You do not want to attract bears. And baiting is illegal.
- The treated posts and a solar charger will be the most expensive elements of a bear fence.
- The only reason a Virginia "kill permit" for bear can be issued is if bear damage causes a loss of income to the beekeeper. In other words, you must raise bees as a part of a profitable business to qualify for a "kill permit".
Notes from the April 2021 meeting on SMALL HIVE BEETLES
presented by Dr. James Wilson, Extension Apiculturist by Zoom from VT
Background: Small Hive Beetles (SHB's) originated in Africa and were discovered in the U.S. in 1998. Adult SHB's are attracted to the alarm pheromone of the honeybee. There are 2 female SHB's for every 1 male, and the females can lay up to 2000 eggs. Both the adults and larvae are destructive pests of honeybee colonies.
[There is a LARGE hive beetle, but not in the U.S.]
Honeybees can corral SHB's to control them, but are often duped by the SHB's to feed them while in confinement. The SHB relies on heat from the honeybee cluster to survive the winter. Small populations of honeybees cannot control SHB's as well as larger colonies. A large infestation of SHB's can lead a colony to abscond.
Damage: The larvae of the SHB tunnel through the comb, discoloring the honey with their feces and creating a citrus smell. The larvae are mobile in the moist yeast slime, and pupate in the bottom of the hive.
Monitoring: 1. Keep a healthy colony and place hives in a sunny location with dry soil. 2. Use a control trap like Beetle Blaster, Jail, Barn, or Bee Gone. Do not use homemade remedies that might poison the honeybees or cause the SHB's to become resistant to the chemical. 3. Use Diatomaceous Earth at the base of the hive to kill the larvae. 4. Other remedies: nematodes, soil drenches. Coumaphos (CheckMite) is not recommended because the SHB is developing resistance to it.
Q's and A's:
Thanks to Morgan Roth, PhD student at VT in Honey Bee Pest Management who contributed her research results.
And thanks to Blountville Bait Company, who donated three raffle prizes.
[There is a LARGE hive beetle, but not in the U.S.]
Honeybees can corral SHB's to control them, but are often duped by the SHB's to feed them while in confinement. The SHB relies on heat from the honeybee cluster to survive the winter. Small populations of honeybees cannot control SHB's as well as larger colonies. A large infestation of SHB's can lead a colony to abscond.
Damage: The larvae of the SHB tunnel through the comb, discoloring the honey with their feces and creating a citrus smell. The larvae are mobile in the moist yeast slime, and pupate in the bottom of the hive.
Monitoring: 1. Keep a healthy colony and place hives in a sunny location with dry soil. 2. Use a control trap like Beetle Blaster, Jail, Barn, or Bee Gone. Do not use homemade remedies that might poison the honeybees or cause the SHB's to become resistant to the chemical. 3. Use Diatomaceous Earth at the base of the hive to kill the larvae. 4. Other remedies: nematodes, soil drenches. Coumaphos (CheckMite) is not recommended because the SHB is developing resistance to it.
Q's and A's:
- Screened bottom board? Yes, can help.
- Soil nematodes? More research coming.
- Attractants to bring SHB's into a bait trap? Yes, must be refreshed. Research continuing.
- Black plastic under hive? Yes, can help.
- Life cycle of SHB? Can overwinter and create more than one generation per year.
- Mating of SHB's? Males move faster than females.
- Do Africanized bees have SHB's? Africanized bees may have adaptations that limit SHB's, such as use of more propylis.
Thanks to Morgan Roth, PhD student at VT in Honey Bee Pest Management who contributed her research results.
And thanks to Blountville Bait Company, who donated three raffle prizes.
Virginia State Beekeepers Association
VSBA MEMBERSHIP
Treasurer:
Ian D. Henry
434-823-8600
5771 Hill Top St.
Crozet, VA 22932
treasurervsba@virginiabeekeepers.org
VSBA MEMBERSHIP
Treasurer:
Ian D. Henry
434-823-8600
5771 Hill Top St.
Crozet, VA 22932
treasurervsba@virginiabeekeepers.org
